General Information of Drug (ID: DM5PDRB)

Drug Name
Amikacin
Synonyms
Amicacin; Amikacina; Amikacine; Amikacinum; Amikavet; Amikin; Arikace; Briclin; Kaminax; Lukadin; Mikavir; AMIKACIN SULFATE; Amikacin Base; Amikacin Dihydrate; ANTIBIOTIC BB-K8; Amiglyde-V; Amikacin & Tumor Necrosis Factor; Amikacin (USP); Amikacina [INN-Spanish]; Amikacine [INN-French]; Amikacinum [INN-Latin]; Amikin(Disulfate); Antibiotic BB-K 8; BB-K 8; BB-K8; Amiglyde-V (TN); Amikacin (USP/INN); Amikacin [USAN:BAN:INN]; O-3-Amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6))-N(sup 3)-(4-amino-L-2-hydroxybutyryl)-2-deoxy-L-streptamine; O-3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6))-N(3)-(4-amino-L-2-hydroxybutyryl)-2-deoxy-L-streptamine; O-3-Amino-3-deoxy-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-O-[6-amino-6-deoxy-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]-1-(4-amino-2-hydroxy-1-oxobutyl)-2-deoxy-D-streptamine; (2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanamide; (2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanamide; (2S)-4-amino-N-{(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-[(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-4-[(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3-hydroxycyclohexyl}-2-hydroxybutanamide; 1-N-(L(-)-gamma-Amino-alpha-hydroxybutyryl)kanamycin A
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [1]
Tuberculosis 1B10-1B1Z Investigative [2]
Therapeutic Class
Antibiotics
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 4 Molecular Weight (mw) 585.6
Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp) -7.9
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 10
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 13
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 17
ADMET Property
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3: high solubility and low permeability [3]
Clearance
The renal clearance of drug is 94 mL/min [4]
Elimination
In adults with normal renal function, 94-98% of a single IM or IV dose of amikacin is excreted unchanged by glomerular filtration in the kidney within 24 hours [4]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 2 - 3 hours [5]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 25.61415 micromolar/kg/day [6]
Unbound Fraction
The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.88% [5]
Vd
The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 24 L [4]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C22H43N5O13
IUPAC Name
(2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanamide
Canonical SMILES
C1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1NC(=O)[C@H](CCN)O)O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)N)O)O)O[C@@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CN)O)O)O)N
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H43N5O13/c23-2-1-8(29)20(36)27-7-3-6(25)18(39-22-16(34)15(33)13(31)9(4-24)37-22)17(35)19(7)40-21-14(32)11(26)12(30)10(5-28)38-21/h6-19,21-22,28-35H,1-5,23-26H2,(H,27,36)/t6-,7+,8-,9+,10+,11-,12+,13+,14+,15-,16+,17-,18+,19-,21+,22+/m0/s1
InChIKey
LKCWBDHBTVXHDL-RMDFUYIESA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
37768
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:2637
CAS Number
37517-28-5
DrugBank ID
DB00479
TTD ID
D0Y3MO
INTEDE ID
DR2167
ACDINA ID
D00832

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Staphylococcus 30S ribosomal subunit (Stap-coc pbp2) TTQ8KVI F4NA87_STAAU Binder [7]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase (aphA6) DEWPAJD KKA6_ACIBA Substrate [8]
Endoglucanase A (EGA) DE1C8Q4 A0A660DUI5_9LACO Substrate [9]
Endoglucanase Y (EGY) DE2AZTG A0A256VAC0_LACRE Substrate [9]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Amikacin
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Disease REF
Cefotetan DM07TX3 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefotetan. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Kanamycin DM2DMPO Moderate Increased risk of ototoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Kanamycin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [21]
Ceftizoxime DM3VOGS Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Ceftizoxime. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Cefoperazone DM53PV8 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefoperazone. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Cefprozil DM7DSYP Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefprozil. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Ceftriaxone DMCEW64 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Ceftriaxone. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Streptomycin DME1LQN Moderate Increased risk of ototoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Streptomycin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [21]
Cefepime DMHVWIK Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefepime. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Cefpodoxime DMJUNY5 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefpodoxime. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Gentamicin DMKINJO Moderate Increased risk of ototoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Gentamicin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [21]
Cefotaxime DMMKHBJ Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefotaxime. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Rabeprazole DMMZXIW Moderate Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Amikacin and Rabeprazole. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [22]
Cefazolin DMPDYFR Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefazolin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Netilmicin DMRD1QK Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Netilmicin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [21]
Cefonicid DMTX2BH Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefonicid. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Tobramycin DMUI0CH Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Tobramycin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [21]
Cefradine DMUNSWV Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefradine. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [23]
Cefixime DMY60I8 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefixime. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
Cefoxitin DMYTXVR Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefoxitin. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [20]
⏷ Show the Full List of 19 DDI Information of This Drug
Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Amikacin (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Remdesivir DMBFZ6L Moderate Decreased renal excretion of Amikacin caused by Remdesivir mediated nephrotoxicity. 1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019] [21]
Cefuroxime DMSIMD8 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefuroxime. Acute bronchitis [CA42] [20]
Magnesium Sulfate DMVEK07 Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Magnesium Sulfate. Acute pain [MG31] [24]
Framycetin DMF8DNE Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Framycetin. Alcoholic liver disease [DB94] [21]
Inotersen DMJ93CT Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Inotersen. Amyloidosis [5D00] [25]
Cefamandole DMNEXZF Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cefamandole. Anaerobic bacterial infection [1A00-1A09] [20]
Etidronic acid DM1XHYJ Moderate Increased risk of hypocalcemia by the combination of Amikacin and Etidronic acid. Bone paget disease [FB85] [26]
Risedronate DM5FLTY Moderate Increased risk of hypocalcemia by the combination of Amikacin and Risedronate. Bone paget disease [FB85] [26]
Alendronate DMY2KX9 Moderate Increased risk of hypocalcemia by the combination of Amikacin and Alendronate. Bone paget disease [FB85] [26]
Mannitol DMSCDY9 Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Mannitol. Bronchiectasis [CA24] [27]
Iodipamide DMXIQYS Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Iodipamide. Cholelithiasis [DC11] [28]
Phenylbutazone DMAYL0T Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Phenylbutazone. Chronic pain [MG30] [29]
Ketoprofen DMRKXPT Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Ketoprofen. Chronic pain [MG30] [29]
Oxaliplatin DMQNWRD Moderate Decreased renal excretion of Amikacin caused by Oxaliplatin mediated nephrotoxicity. Colorectal cancer [2B91] [30]
Atracurium DM42HXN Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Atracurium. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [31]
Mivacurium DM473VD Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Mivacurium. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [31]
Pancuronium DMB0VY8 Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Pancuronium. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [31]
Tubocurarine DMBZIVP Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Tubocurarine. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [31]
Methoxyflurane DML0RAE Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Methoxyflurane. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [25]
Mycophenolic acid DMU65NK Moderate Altered absorption of Amikacin due to GI flora changes caused by Mycophenolic acid. Crohn disease [DD70] [32]
Ethacrynic acid DM60QMR Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Ethacrynic acid. Essential hypertension [BA00] [33]
Mefenamic acid DMK7HFI Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Mefenamic acid. Female pelvic pain [GA34] [29]
Amphotericin B DMTAJQE Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Amphotericin B. Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F] [34]
Dexlansoprazole DM1DBV5 Moderate Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Amikacin and Dexlansoprazole. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [DA22] [22]
Furosemide DMMQ8ZG Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Furosemide. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [27]
Bumetanide DMRV7H0 Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Bumetanide. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [27]
Givosiran DM5PFIJ Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Givosiran. Inborn porphyrin/heme metabolism error [5C58] [21]
Balsalazide DMO091F Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Balsalazide. Indeterminate colitis [DD72] [35]
Meclofenamic acid DM05FXR Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Meclofenamic acid. Inflammatory spondyloarthritis [FA92] [36]
Ibandronate DM0QZBN Moderate Increased risk of hypocalcemia by the combination of Amikacin and Ibandronate. Low bone mass disorder [FB83] [37]
Clofarabine DMCVJ86 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Clofarabine. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [38]
Exjade DMHPRWG Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Exjade. Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64] [39]
Neostigmine DM6T2J3 Moderate Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Neostigmine. Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y] [31]
Pyridostigmine DM8HO1L Moderate Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Pyridostigmine. Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y] [31]
Rofecoxib DM3P5DA Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Rofecoxib. Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05] [29]
Valdecoxib DMAY7H4 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Valdecoxib. Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05] [29]
Diclofenac DMPIHLS Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Diclofenac. Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05] [29]
Naproxen DMZ5RGV Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Naproxen. Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05] [29]
Carboplatin DMG281S Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Carboplatin. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [40]
Aspirin DM672AH Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Aspirin. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [36]
Etodolac DM6WJO9 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Etodolac. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [29]
Diflunisal DM7EN8I Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Diflunisal. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [29]
Ibuprofen DM8VCBE Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Ibuprofen. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [29]
Piroxicam DMTK234 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Piroxicam. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [29]
Esomeprazole DM7BN0X Moderate Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Amikacin and Esomeprazole. Peptic ulcer [DA61] [41]
Pemetrexed DMMX2E6 Moderate Decreased renal excretion of Amikacin caused by Pemetrexed mediated nephrotoxicity. Pleural mesothelioma [2C26] [42]
Choline salicylate DM8P137 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Choline salicylate. Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43] [29]
Bromfenac DMKB79O Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Bromfenac. Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43] [29]
Everolimus DM8X2EH Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Everolimus. Renal cell carcinoma [2C90] [43]
Temsirolimus DMS104F Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Temsirolimus. Renal cell carcinoma [2C90] [43]
Salsalate DM13P4C Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Salsalate. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [29]
Meloxicam DM2AR7L Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Meloxicam. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [36]
Sulindac DM2QHZU Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Sulindac. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [29]
Celecoxib DM6LOQU Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Celecoxib. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [29]
Oxaprozin DM9UB0P Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Oxaprozin. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [29]
Flurbiprofen DMGN4BY Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Flurbiprofen. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [29]
Sulfasalazine DMICA9H Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Sulfasalazine. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [35]
Fenoprofen DML5VQ0 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Fenoprofen. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [29]
Tolmetin DMWUIJE Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Tolmetin. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [29]
Salicyclic acid DM2F8XZ Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Salicyclic acid. Seborrhoeic dermatitis [EA81] [36]
Cephapirin DMV2JNY Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Cephapirin. Sepsis [1G40-1G41] [23]
Ifosfamide DMCT3I8 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Ifosfamide. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [21]
Pipecuronium DM5F84A Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Pipecuronium. Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47] [31]
Doxacurium DMKE7L9 Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Doxacurium. Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47] [31]
Vecuronium DMP0UK2 Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Vecuronium. Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47] [31]
Cisatracurium DMUZPJ5 Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Cisatracurium. Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47] [31]
Rocuronium DMY9BMK Major Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Amikacin and Rocuronium. Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47] [31]
Sirolimus DMGW1ID Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Sirolimus. Transplant rejection [NE84] [43]
Mycophenolate mofetil DMPQAGE Moderate Altered absorption of Amikacin due to GI flora changes caused by Mycophenolate mofetil. Transplant rejection [NE84] [32]
Tacrolimus DMZ7XNQ Major Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Tacrolimus. Transplant rejection [NE84] [43]
Olsalazine DMZW9HA Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Olsalazine. Ulcerative colitis [DD71] [35]
Plazomicin DMKMBES Moderate Increased risk of ototoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Plazomicin. Urinary tract infection [GC08] [21]
Valaciclovir DMHKS94 Moderate Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Amikacin and Valaciclovir. Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z] [25]
⏷ Show the Full List of 73 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Sodium citrate anhydrous E00102 6224 Alkalizing agent; Buffering agent; Complexing agent; Emulsifying agent
Cholesterol E00092 5997 Emollient; Emulsifying agent
Sulfuric acid E00045 1118 Acidulant
Sodium chloride E00077 5234 Diluent; Tonicity agent
Sodium citrate dihydrate E00369 71474 Alkalizing agent; Buffering agent; Complexing agent; Emulsifying agent
Sodium hydroxide E00234 14798 Alkalizing agent
Sodium metabisulfite E00444 656671 Antimicrobial preservative; Antioxidant
Water E00035 962 Solvent
1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine E00710 Not Available Other agent
⏷ Show the Full List of 9 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Amikacin eq 250mg injectable eq 250mg Injectable Injection
Amikacin 590 mg/8.4 ml injectable 590 mg/8.4 ml Injectable Injection
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 Emerging drugs for bacterial urinary tract infections. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 May;10(2):275-98.
2 The ChEMBL database in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D945-D954.
3 BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
4 An FDA phase I clinical trial of quinacrine sterilization (QS). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Oct;83 Suppl 2:S45-9.
5 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
6 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
7 Bacterial resistance to aminoglycosides and beta-lactams: the Tn1331 transposon paradigm. Front Biosci. 2000 Jan 1;5:D20-9.
8 Relationship between antimicrobial resistance and aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene expressions in Acinetobacter baumannii. Chin Med J (Engl). 2005 Jan 20;118(2):141-5.
9 Expression of Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase gene in Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus johnsonii and characterization of the genetically modified probiotic lactobacilli. Curr Microbiol. 2000 Apr;40(4):257-63.
10 The glycylcyclines: a comparative review with the tetracyclines. Drugs. 2004;64(1):63-88.
11 Characterization of a 30S ribosomal subunit assembly intermediate found in Escherichia coli cells growing with neomycin or paromomycin. Arch Microbiol. 2008 May;189(5):441-9.
12 Ribosomal resistance in the gentamicin producer organism Micromonospora purpurea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Aug;22(2):231-6.
13 Molecular dynamics simulations of the 30S ribosomal subunit reveal a preferred tetracycline binding site. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Jan 30;130(4):1114-5.
14 Functional insights from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with antibiotics. Nature. 2000 Sep 21;407(6802):340-8.
15 Aminoglycoside association pathways with the 30S ribosomal subunit. J Phys Chem B. 2009 May 21;113(20):7322-30.
16 Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34.
17 Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet and electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry on-line detection fo... J Chromatogr A. 2008 Jun 27;1195(1-2):107-16.
18 Detection of tetracycline resistance genes by PCR methods. Methods Mol Biol. 2004;268:3-13.
19 Functional, biophysical, and structural bases for antibacterial activity of tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jun;50(6):2156-66.
20 Agencia Espaola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios Healthcare "Centro de informacion online de medicamentos de la AEMPS - CIMA.".
21 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
22 FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs (PPIs).".
23 Engle JE, Drago J, Carlin B, Schoolwerth AC "Letter: Reversible acute renal failure after cephalothin." Ann Intern Med 83 (1975): 232-3. [PMID: 1147461]
24 Piper BJ, Alinea AA, Wroblewski JR, et al. A Quantitative and Narrative Evaluation of Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Pharmacy (Basel). 2019;8(1):1. Published 2019 Dec 20. [PMID: 31861770]
25 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
26 Chang JT, Green L, Beitz J "Renal failure with the use of zoledronic acid." N Engl J Med 349 (2003): 1676-9 discussion 1676-9. [PMID: 14573746]
27 Athlin L, Domellof L, Holm S "Gentamicin treatment in severe surgical infections: serum levels, interactions, toxicity and efficacy." Acta Chir Scand 147 (1981): 225-30. [PMID: 7034430]
28 Wong GT, Lee EY, Irwin MG. Contrast induced nephropathy in vascular surgery.?Br J Anaesth. 2016;117 Suppl 2:ii63-ii73. [PMID: 27566809]
29 Assael BM, Chiabrando C, Gagliardi L, Noseda A, Bamonte F, Salmona M "Prostaglandins and aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 78 (1985): 386-94. [PMID: 4049389]
30 Product Information. Eloxatin (oxaliplatin). Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.
31 Burkett L, Bikhazi GB, Thomas KC Jr, Rosenthal DA, Wirta MG, Foldes FF "Mutual potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of antibiotics and relaxants." Anesth Analg 58 (1979): 107-15. [PMID: 571233]
32 Product Information. CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil). Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ.
33 Bates DE, Beaumont SJ, Baylis BW "Ototoxicity induced by gentamicin and furosemide." Ann Pharmacother 36 (2002): 446-51. [PMID: 11895059]
34 Churchill DN, Seely J "Nephrotoxicity associated with combined gentamicin - amphotericin B therapy." Nephron 19 (1977): 176-81. [PMID: 268496]
35 Novis BH, Korzets Z, Chen P, Bernheim J "Nephrotic syndrome after treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid." Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296 (1988): 1442. [PMID: 3132281]
36 Farag MM, Mikhail MR, Abdel-Meguid E, Abdel-Tawab S "Assessment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats treated with low doses of ibuprofen and diclofenac sodium." Clin Sci 91 (1996): 187-91. [PMID: 8795442]
37 Banerjee D, Asif A, Striker L, Preston RA, Bourgoignie JJ, Roth D "Short-term, high-dose pamidronate-induced acute tubular necrosis: The postulated mechanisms of bisphosphonate nephrotoxicity." Am J Kidney Dis 41 (2003): E18. [PMID: 12778436]
38 Product Information. Clolar (clofarabine). sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ.
39 Product Information. Exjade (deferasirox). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
40 Product Information. Paraplatin (carboplatin). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
41 Product Information. Nexium (esomeprazole) Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
42 Product Information. Alimta (pemetrexed). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
43 Product Information. Prograf (tacrolimus). Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL.